Maslow and Jung: Life and the Workplace Essay

We work, strive, succeed, and sometimes we fail. What drives us to succeed, or in some cases keeps us from success? Perhaps a better understanding of our motives, and the motives of our colleagues would help us make the personality changes we need to succeed. The way we interact with others in the workplace and our personal life may be improved. The Freudian theories opened our minds to many of our odd behaviors but did little to provide methods of self-examination. Very few of us have the time and the funds available for in-depth psychoanalysis. The theories of Carl Jung and Abraham Maslow are interesting and, in certain respects, opposing. With study, introspection, and a better awareness of others, aspects of the theories of Jung and Maslow can be used by most individuals to improve their working and personal relationships. Carl Jung was a younger colleague of Sigmund Freud but he made the exploration of â€Å"inner space† his life’s work. Jung and Freud began to go their separate ways in 1909 even though Freud had once considered Jung his heir apparent, the â€Å"crown prince of psychoanalysis† (Boeree, 2006 Pg 3  ¶3). Jung had an extensive knowledge of mythology, religion, and philosophy. He was especially knowledgeable in the symbolism of complex mystical traditions: Gnosticism, Alchemy, Kabala, Hinduism, and Buddhism. He had a capacity for lucid dreaming and occasional visions (Boeree, 2006). Jung divided the psyche into three parts: ego, personal unconscious, and the collective unconscious. The ego and personal unconscious are very much like Freud’s understanding of the psyche; the collective unconscious was added to Freud’s theories and stands out from all others. This part of the psyche represents our experiences as a species, a knowledge with which we are born (Boeree, 2006). Jung spent a great deal of time in self-examination. Much of his theory is based on this introspection and a source of criticism from several of his colleagues. Jung carefully recorded his dreams, fantasies, and visions; he felt if we could recapture our mythologies, our ghosts, we could understand these ghosts and heal our mental illnesses (Boeree, 2006). Jung’s sense of personal examination and commonality of the unconscious may allow us all to heal and live better, more fulfilling lives. Abraham Maslow’s belief in Humanistic Psychology and his Hierarchy of Needs can be, and has been, applied in the workplace outside of psychology. A pyramid, with Physiological Needs at its base, represents the Hierarchy (Boeree, 2006). The Hierarchy’s five stages: physiological, safety, belonging, esteem, and Self-actualization explain many of the motivations within the workplace. One example is the rather obvious puzzle of why employees are only temporarily satisfied by a raise in salary. Inevitably, most employees are satisfied when first receiving the bump up in pay. However, just as inevitably, shortly thereafter the same employee expects another raise; he has become dissatisfied. Even when the raises in pay are forthcoming in intervals that are acceptable, the employee still seems to become dissatisfied. Maslow believed that we are driven to understand and accept ourselves as fully as possible, and are motivated to satisfy ever-increasing levels of motivation. Once the basic need of enough money to provide a basic standard of living is met, the employee is still driven to satisfy higher needs. These higher needs may include a sense of personal achievement (Heffner, 2002). Maslow felt that no one would ever reach the top of his hierarchy but should realistically try only to get as close as possible. Through our continued journey in life, meeting problems and issues, we can either grow or slip backward. We can choose to learn and continue climbing or give up. Most people choose to continue their climb. With some, this choice is not an actual conscious decision. The choice is more of a drive to succeed or a cycle of happiness and depression that we have trouble understanding. As a supervisor or manager, our ability to understand the constant cycle of satisfaction and dissatisfaction may mean the difference between a successful career and failure. If in a career or business the only answer to dissatisfaction is monetary, excessive cost to the company can be easily caused and still have unhappy employees and a high turnover rate. Conclusion Carl Jung’s introspection and self-examination have led us to the realization that childhood traumas are not the only sources of behavior and personality characteristics. Our continued learning from our experiences, our differentiation, gives us a life-long ability to make corrections. Abraham Maslow’s understanding of our motivation and constant striving for satisfaction has brought the person back into Psychology and given renewed attention to the truly human qualities that make up us all. Understanding the motivation and satisfaction needs of colleagues, our family members, and ourselves provides avenues of action that were previously only sources of frustration. Taking heed of both schools of psychological thought, the Neo-Freudian Carl Jung and the Humanistic Psychology of Abraham Maslow, may be our best path for understanding our own behavior and motives and those of our colleagues and family. References Boeree, C. (2006). Abraham Maslow 1908-1970. Retrieved Jan. 22, 2006, from Personality Theories Web site: http://www. ship. edu/~cgboeree/maslow. html. Boeree, C. (2006). Carl Jung 1875 -1961. Retrieved Jan. 22, 2006, from Personality Theories Web site: http://www. ship. edu/%7Ecgboeree/jung. html. Heffner, C. (2002). Personality synopsis. Retrieved Jan. 22, 2006, from AllpsychON LINE, The Virtual Psychology Classroom Web site: http://allpsych. com/personalitysynopsis/index. html.

Some People Think That Students Benefit

Some people think that students benefit from going to private secondary schools. Do you agree or disagree? Parents are always making all efforts sending their children to good schools and private secondary schools always can provide better education. Many people argue that studying in private middle school brings a lot of benefits to students. Others, on the other hand, claim that several problems may emerge if children going to private schools when they are in their adolescence. Before rendering my opinion, I think it is important to take a glance at the arguments on both sides. Some people strongly believe that it may arouse some problems both to parents and their children. For one thing, the tuition fees in private schools which belong to some individuals are higher than those of public schools which receive financial support from the government. It is a big financial burden to some families, especially those ordinary families with more than two children. Next, there are a large number of students who are from the royal family or family with big fortune and power choose to go to private schools. They have a sense of superiority over others, so other fellow students may have difficulties making friends with them. More important, potential discrimination may do harm to children’s mental health. Furthermore, too many expectations given by their parents may lay too much stress on their children and as a consequence result in fierce peer competition. However, there are also some others who contend that private secondary schools have more merits than drawbacks. First and foremost, teachers are mostly of high academic quality and schools are furnished with sufficient and sound teaching facilities. Thus students can acquire knowledge in a pleasant environment. Moreover, small classes are usually adopted in private school which is more effective and guarantees students with more face to face communication chances. Thirdly, some special courses such as manners, tea ceremony and financial management are available in private schools. As part of extracurricular courses, it plays a positive role in students’ knowledge enrichment and temperament cultivation. To sum up, we cannot deny that both sides are well-grounded. In my opinion, if money permitting, it is much better to receive secondary education in private school. There are sufficient equipment and resources for study and mini-class teaching makes students more concentrating on their studies. What is more, encouraging students to participate in some special courses can cultivate their taste and improve their comprehensive quality.

Experience MIS Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Experience MIS - Assignment Example b). Samantha has a competitive strategy which gives her an advantage over her rivals. During slow business times, she calls her former clients to remind them of the importance to trimming their trees on a daily basis. She reminded them of the services she provides to the members (O’Brien, James, Marakas & George, 2006). C). Knowledge of her competitive advantage would help her greatly in her sales and marketing efforts. Since during times when business is weak she calls her clients to remind them of her services, this gives her a competitive advantage over her rivals who do not do the same. The idea of reminding customers is a marketing tool that would retain customers thus increasing sales (O’Brien, James, Marakas & George, 2006). d). The information system that Samantha needs to use is the ABC model to lock in customers. According to Kroenke, Bunker, and Wilson, Samantha can use this model to make it expensive for her customers to switch to another service provider. Therefore, Samantha should make use of this system to keep customers (Kroenke, Bunker & Wilson,

Exploring the politics of the Texas Railroad commissions regulation of Research Paper

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Goldman Sachs (see the description) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Goldman Sachs (see the description) - Essay Example Financial indicators of the company and industry are used to determine financial trend and performance of the company. Economic environment of the business was recorded mixed in the early period of 2014 globally. Market of the company was improved in the second quarter of 2014. The first quarter of 2014 was proved to be the declining period for emerging market assets. The assets were affected by the declining position of GDP in China (Mandis, 2013). Another perspective was the political tension going on in Ukraine and Russia. The two problems were significantly controlled in the second quarter of 2014. Real GDP of Japan was accelerated in the first quarter and shown in the report of second quarter. In all the cases the effort was shown in the second quarter of 2014 when there was a consumption tax hike on consumer spending (McEvoy, 2014). In the first quarter, it was noticed that global equity price was improved, interest rate fell down and the credit spreading was contracted. The levels of Volatility were noticed declining further. Equity and debt was strong in the first quarter of 2014. Industry-wide announced that the acquisitions and mergers had increased in the first three months but the situation was somehow opposite to that. The mergers and equity were decreased as compared to the period of first quarter of 2013 (The Goldman Sachs Group, Inc., 2014). In the case of European countries, real GDP of the country was increasing to some extent in the first six months of 2014. The European Central Bank noticed inflation in the economy and reduces the rate of interest. Central bank of Europe also announced to increase lending to private sectors and includes targeted long term refinancing operations. The currency of Europe was depreciated by 1 percent because there was an increased in unemployment. The domestic demand in United States was low in the first quarter. The Bank

[Astronomy subject] Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

[Astronomy subject] - Assignment Example This became an important law in astronomy as it helps determine the mass of any astronomical object. This formula is used to calculate the mass of all astronomical objects including the stars, sun and planets. 2. Describe the relationship between the distance from the Sun and a planets surface temperature. Why does this relationship exist? Explain the following exceptions to the overall trend: Venus is farther away from the Sun than Mercury, yet has a higher surface temperature. Neptune has the same cloud-top temperature as Uranus, even though Neptune is ~10 AU farther away from the Sun. Though the temperature of the planet is affected by its placement in terms of distance from the sun, there is another major factor influencing the temperature. It is the atmosphere of the planet which affects the temperature condition along with distance from the sun. Atmosphere acts as a blanket to retain the heat (Bennett et al, 2009). Mercury, though very close to the sun, cannot retain the heat as the atmosphere or the blanket is missing there. Comparatively, Venus is located farther away from the sun than Mercury, but still the temperature is high which is again because of the thick atmosphere which prevents reverting of sun’s energy back to space. 3. One would use the column titled "Rotation Period" to find out which planet has the shortest days. Are there notable differences in the length of a day for the different types of planets (terrestrial versus gaseous)? Would you have predicted there to be huge differences? Mercury has a long rotation period because of its synchronization with its orbital period; Pluto is synchronized with its largest moon Charon. Venus has a retrograde (clockwise vs counterclockwise) rotation. Eliminate these two planets and a dwarf planet, and what do you find? See the chart at the right to help you answer this question. A day is the time taken for the planet to

Chronic and Complex Nursing Care Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Chronic and Complex Nursing Care - Case Study Example The musculoskeletal symptoms include pain, tendonitis, joint contractures, muscle weakness and arthritis. Urogenital symptoms include an increase in bladder wall, deposition of connective tissues and proliferative vascular lesions. In women, vaginal symptoms include tightness, dyspareunia and dryness. In men, there is a reduced penile blood flow leading to erectile dysfunction (Vlachoyiannopoulos, 2009). Prevalence The distribution of SSc is worldwide affecting all races. The prevalence of scleroderma has been estimated to be between 4 and 253 cases per million persons. Its susceptibility is influenced by factors such as sex, age, environmental exposure and genetic background. Family members may be affected by other connective tissue diseases meaning that a genetic factor might be an important factor in expression of the disease. The peak incidence is normally within the third and fifth decade of life. The ratio of male to female is approximately 5:1 while annual incidence being 14.1 cases per million. The highest prevalence for SSc has been found to be in Choctaw Native Americans in Oklahoma (Vlachoyiannopoulos, 2009). Treatment Therapy is normally individualized to each patient’s needs and clinical presentation due to the heterogeneity of SSc. The treatment is done for organ specific complications including: Raynaud Phenomenon This is done using long-acting channel blockers and angiotensin II receptor blockers. Phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors are mostly used in the treatment of secondary Reynaud phenomenon. An oral endothelin-1 receptor inhibitor can be useful to the patients having recurrent ischemic ulcers (Eisenberg M.E. et al. (2008)). Scleroderma Renal Crisis Patients with systemic sclerosis are advised to regularly check their blood pressure at home. ACE inhibitors are used to control hypertension since they are essential in preserving and restoring of the renal function (Eisenberg M.E. et al. (2008)). Gastrointestinal Complications Therapies are essential in the control of gastrointestinal symptoms while preventing GERD complications. Patients with SSc and gastrical antral vascular ectasia normally require coagulation of the endoscopic laser to reduce the bleeding risks. Intestinal pseudo-obstruction is normally diagnosed during the laparotomy time while bacterial overgrowth is treated by antibiotics. The mainstays of therapy for the intestinal overgrowth are the antibiotics and correction of nutritional deficiencies (Eisenberg M.E. et al. (2008)). Pulmonary complications patients having an early and progressive interstitial lung disease may benefit from oral or intravenous cyclophosphamide. Symptomatic pulmonary arterial hypertension is treated by oral bosentan, parenteral epoprostenol, sidenafil, inhaled iloprost and treprostinil. Continuous oxygen is also necessary for patients with hypoxemia (Eisenberg et al, 2008) Lung cancer Lung cancer refers to cancer that forms in the tissues of the lungs, mostly in the cells that are lining air passages. The main types of lung cancer are: small cell lung cancer and non-small cell lung cancer. These types are normally diagnosed on the basis of how the cells look under the microscope (Wender R. et al, 2013). Symptoms Lung cancer may either present with symptoms or found incidentally on the chest imaging. Symptoms of lung cancer may result from the local invasion or the compression of adjacent thoracic structure like the compression involving

Christian and islam Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Christian and islam - Research Paper Example It is possible for members of a particular religion to identify and define themselves against other people who are not in that religion. The dilemma arising in this case is how outsider may be connected to the salvation offered by that particular religion. Does the religion’s purview of salvation include or exclude people outside that religion? Different authors and scholars may suggest different answers to this question. In an attempt to seek both individual and collective salvation, different religious arguments arise to explain differences between one religion and another. Inclusivist, exclusivist and universal pluralism are common positions explaining difference between Christianity and Islam. From an inclusivist perspective, both Christianity and Islam have teachings and beliefs that are true. Though Christians believes that their faith is true, inclusivists believe that other religions are partially true. As an absolute religion, Christianity does recognize that other religions can provide salvation. It only tells of the unique word of God, incarnate in Death of Jesus on the cross and provide a social context for salvation. It teaches that to accomplish salvation God assesses people behaviors on earth. God applies results of the death of Jesus and resurrection to everyone regardless of the religion. Therefore, God makes it possible for anyone to earn salvation including people from other religions. This opinion is not accepted by everyone especially the conservative and evangelical Christians who believe that religious inclusivism contradicts the teachings of the bible. These critics find support from Acts 4:12 that emphasizes on the point that salvation is for no one else other than Christians. Is there any form of inclusivism in Islam? According to Hick (2005), the concept of people of the book has some elements of

Soft skills vs. hard skills Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Soft skills vs. hard skills - Essay Example Over the years in learning, individuals are able to develop the hard skills required for business growth. Language development is achieved during the process leading to success in the acquisition of the hard skills. However, soft skills require the individual to be able to achieve greatness through personal development and growth (Klaus, 2009, p. 23). Soft skills may not be easy to evaluate, but is revealed in the way a business manager or owner make a decision or relate with the customers. Hard skills may be easily rectified through training, but the soft skills take a longer time to be achieved or developed. Therefore, soft skill development is integral in business operations and development. Imperative hard skills are taught in some programs offered by universities and colleges. These hard skills require that the professional must have the prerequisite soft skills making soft skills vital in the business field. Effective language is an integral hard skill, which leads to understanding of the materials and the oral communication process (Rao, 2010, p. 56). For example, if the employee is tasked with dealing with customer issues such as the customer relations department, professional communication skills would be integral in process. The specific role given to the customer would influence the hard and soft skills required in the completion of the specific task. In addition, the speaking skills and presentation of the major points in the process is vital in communication. The ability to understand the basic mathematical concepts are vital in the business is vital for employees in the management level. Therefore, the level and task associated with the employee will influenc e the prerequisite skills. The basic numeracy skills are vital because it allows the understanding of the charts and graphs presented. Computer usage in the world has led to the need for the business professional to have

Martin Luther King Jr Essay Example for Free

Martin Luther King Jr Essay Martin Luther King Jr. was born in Atlanta, Georgia on January 15, 1929. He was born during a time when black people did not have the rights which they have today. He experienced racial discrimination when their white neighbors refused to let him play with their boys. When he was five years old his mother persuaded the first grade teacher, Miss Dickerson, to make room for him in her class. Even though he started several weeks after the other children, he soon caught up with them academically and even surpassed them before the year was over. Miss Lemon, his teacher taught him to be independent. She taught him if there was an injustice, he could rebel, but still keep his dignity and find quiet ways to resist. She inspired her students to learn about black history and take pride in their heritage. When he was 15 years old he entered Morehouse College. After two years in school he decided he could best serve others by becoming a minister. He became assistant minister of the Ebenezer Baptist church where his father was minister. The following year he graduated from college, being only 19 years old. He then attended Crozer Theological Seminary in Chester, Pennsylvania. While he was at Crozer he began to study the teachings of Mahatma Gandhi. Gandhi urged people to not fight, but to protest peacefully. Martin saw this method of non-violent resistance as the answer to the unfair treatment blacks received in America. At Boston University he met Coretta Scott who became his wife. They had four children.When he graduated from Boston University he became the minister of the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama. On August 28, 1963 Martin Luther King and other leaders led a march into Washington D.C. Over 200,000 people marched from the Washington Monument to the Lincoln Memorial. It was here where Martin Luther delivered his I Have a Dream message.

Analysis of Attitudes towards Terrorist Groups

Analysis of Attitudes towards Terrorist Groups Introduction Pakistan has lost at least 50,943 lives to terrorism just since January 1, 2003, according to the SATP data base , including 18,373 civilians, 26,992 terrorists, and 5,578 SF personnel. Terrorism is one of the major problems of Pakistan which is effecting and causing all other problems. Its effecting, economy, tourism, sports almost all the social and economic factors of the country and most of all its causing constant death fear in people. Especially the young generation likes university students. Tehrik i Taliban Pakistan (TTP) is a major organization which is responsible for almost all of the major terror attacks in Pakistan. They accepted the responsibilities of those attacks and also openly declare war against Pakistani government. We will target security forces, government installations, political leaders and police, Asmatullah Shaheen, head of the shura and caretaker leader of the TTP, told Reuters by telephone from an undisclosed location. (DAWN, 19 April, 2014). All areas will come under attack but Punjab will come first, TTP spokesperson Shaheen said. (CNN ,8 november 2013). Tharek-i-Taliban Pakistan (TTP) is an umbrella organization of many different Islamic militant groups based in FATA (Federally Administered Tribal Areas) near Afghanistan border. Most Taliban groups unite under the TTP (Yusufzai Rahimullah 2008) about 13 groups united under the leadership of Baitullah Mehsud in December 2007 to form the Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan.(Bajoria , Jayshree. 2008) Implication of their interpretation of shraia by power , stand against NATO forces in Afghanistan and resistance against Pakistani state was there main objectives.  (Bajoria Jayshree 2008, Abbasperson Hassan 2009). They are responsible for major attacks for example Manawa police academy, GOR, PAF base, and killing of 23 FC personals, attack on Malala Yousafzai and many more. In Pakistan there is positive as well as negative attitude toward TTP, Eagly and Chaiken,(1998), define attitude as evaluating a particular event or person with favor or disfavor. Someone’s past and present can formed his attitude. (Alport Gordon,1935). People can also have unclear attitude toward something or situation they can express positive or negative attitude toward same situation at different times (Wood.W ,2000) Jungs define attitude as psychological readiness of a person to react or act in specific way (Jung, 1921,1971). Attitudes have two forms conscious and unconscious. Jung defined several attitudes within this broad definition. 1: Unconscious and Consciousness. The presence of unconscious and conscious attitude is very common. This mean that consciousness has disambiguation of contents which is different from that of the unconscious, this duality evident in neurosis (Jung, 1921 ,1971) 2: introversion and extroversion. Introversion and extroversion attitudes are labeled as â€Å"attitude type† by Jung, this pair is so elementary Jung’s theory of attitude types. 3: Rational and irrational attitudes. Convincing of a reason as an attitude (Jung, 1921, 1971). Rational attitude: further divide into felling psychological functions with its attitude, and thinking with its attitude. Irrational attitude: further divide into intuition psychological functions with its attitude and sensing with its attitude. â€Å"There is just a typical sensation, feeling, thinking and intuitive attitude† (Jung, 1921,1971). Attitude toward Taliban can be explained as individual response toward Taliban or the situations created by them. Regarding to the situation we have two kind of opinion toward them: 1: positive attitude: people who have soft corner for Taliban and think they have some reasonable logic for their acts. And there views basically base on the slogan one mans terrorism is another mans freedom fight. Ameer, Jamaat e Islami, Pakistan, Sirajul Haq, has said that if the government did not want more bloodshed, it should give serious consideration to the Talibans demands.(sirajul haq, 18 March 2014) .Jamaat-e-Islami leader Munawar Hassan gave a statement in which he portrayed Hakimullah Mehsud as â€Å"martyr† but refused to gave the status of â€Å"martyred’’ to the soldiers who fought Pakistans war( The News, 13 November 2013). 2: Negative attitude: people who think that Taliban are constant threat and there elimination from the country is must. ANPs (Awami National Party) spokesperson Mian Iftekhar Hussain , says that â€Å"those political parties who are supporting army for military action against TTP are the main targets for Taliban (tribune, 7th may 2013), TTP several times targeted political offices of Pakistan Peoples Party and Muttahida Quami Movement ( express Tirbune , may 7, 2013) These parties are in favor of the military action against TTP. Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) leader Bilawal Bhutto Zardari openly declared war against TTP (DAWN, 28th December 2013). On social networking site Bilawal Bhutto Zardari tweeted: Shahidullah Shahid said that constitution of Pakistan is not Islamic. He undoubtedly can’t read. The reality is TTP has nothing Islamic in it.(The News, 21 February 2014). Taliban are stone age they are ruthless and ignorant people’’,said Altaf Hussain MQM leader (Tribune 14 October 2012)) Altaf Hussains also stated that supporting Taiban’s is against Islam. And some top religious scholars of Pakistan agreed with his statement .Mufti Naeem, Allam Tahir Ashrafi, Sahibzada Hamid Raza agreed that his statement is according to shariat. Mufti Naeem said that shedding blood of innocent people is totally against the teaching of Islam. . Allama Tahir Ashrafi stated that how those groups could be supported who killed innocent people and destroyed religious places. Sahibzada Hamid Raza appreciated Altaf Hussain’s statement and said it is according to the preachings of Islam.( Royal News, 26th February 2014).Pakistan people party leader Rehamn Malik stated even if 15 members out of 2000 members of TTP are against Pakistan , then for me they all are anti-Pakistan (express Tribune, 17 march 2014). TTPs declaration of war against Pakistan, there terror attacks , kidnapping and killing of armed forces, as well as common people are causing terrorism catastrophizing and death anxiety among Pakistani people. Terrorism is design to demoralize its targets by violating the basic assumption that one is safe ( Gurwitch , Sitterle , young prefferbaum , 2002 ). Terrorism is a form of unsaid conformation that often targets civilian population as well as, or as substitute of, the military. Terror attacks carried out by small groups and they don’t need direct engagement like in war, attacks happened without warning , terrorist act within the society ,they can use rumors of possible disasters and upsetting events as effectively as real acts of horror (Pine, Costello Masten,2005). Terrorism is a strategies of violence designed to promote desire outcome by instilling fear in the public at large (Bassiouni, 1981, as cited in Moghaddam Marsella, 2004). Public intimidation is a key element that distinguishes terrorist violence form other form of violence. Unlike the customary violence in which victims are personally targeted, in terrorism the victims are incidental to terrorists intended aims, and the violence is used mainly as a way to provoke social conditions designed to further broader aims (Moghaddam Marsella, 2004). Terrorist attacks have psychological effects on general community and on their victims. The feelings of safety and security decreased , threat of life and level of stress increased which cause the change in the behavior , all these elements been noted in communities who have been victims of terrorism ( Schuster, 2001 , Huddy,2002 Bleich, 2003) There are numerous characteristics of terrorism that increase the severity and magnitude of psychological effects. First terrorist attacks take place without warning which create disturbance in the social and personal life of people. Terrorist attacks are more shocking for individuals. Areas that are supposed to be safe suddenly became unsafe. Feelings of insecurity may develop among people (Dziegielewski Summer,2002) Carr (2002) define terrorism as the name modification of war which is held against civilizations to shatter their will to support their leaders or policies that are the against of such violence and find it objectionable (Moghadd am Marsella, 2004). In terrorism, terrorist work in small groups working from within a society give them advantage to use rumors of possible disasters and upsetting events as effectively as real acts of horror (Pine, Costello, Masten, 2005). Terrorist attacks have psychological effects on general community as well as on their victims. It increases stress levels and feelings of safety and security reduced. Level of fear of threat and visible changes in behaviors have been noted in communities who have been victimized by terrorism (Huddy, 2002). There are numerous characteristics of terrorism that increase the severity and magnitude of psychological effects. First terrorist attacks take place without warning which negatively effect on the social and personal life of people. Terrorist attacks are more shocking for individuals. Areas that are supposed safe become suddenly unsafe and person starts feeling insecure. Feelings of insecurity may develop among people (Gurwitch, Sitterle, Young, Pfefferbaum, 2002). There are various definitions for the term Catastrophizing, Chavez and Brown (1987) define catastrophizing as the magnification of worry or negative thinking about specific negative life events. In terrorism catastrophizing the negative life event would be terror attacks .Spanos, Radtke-Bodorik, and Ferguson (1979) debate that thinking pattern which involves catastrophizing always focus on negative life events it is a very basic mental process which can lead toward different forms of psychological disturbances like anxiety and depression(Beck, Rush, Shaw, Emery, 1979;Garnefski, Teerds, Kraaij, Legerstee, Van den Kommer, 2004). Becks(1976, 1979) cognitive model assumes that catastrophizing is one specific cognitive style that underlies anticipatory anxiety this model of psychopathology addresses how people develop patterned and generally consistent thought processes based on their experiences. Specific patterns of cognitive disorganization (also known as cognitive distortions) have been shown to predispose one to various forms of psychopathology (Beck AT, 1979).The literature on cognitive distortions has shown that catastrophizing is a primary, and underlying cognitive process fueling disorders of mood and anxiety( Brown TA, Antony MM, Barlow ,1992) A research study showed that the terrorism catastrophizing is significant predictor of change in human behavior and also cab lead toward the psychological disturbance like , depression, anxiety, physiological stress and fear or death among survivors of terror attacks (SinclairLoCicero, 2007). Pakistan Institute for Peace Studies’s (PIPS) research shows that intense panic because of terrorism can cause dysfunctional behaviors, which commonly spread complications are stress, depression and death anxiety(Pakistan Security Report, 2009). Fear of death or Death anxiety can be defined as unavoidable intense feelings of dying, death, or what will happens after death. Death is defined as the state of non-being, the termination of biological life (Bond 1994,p4) Robert lagon (2004) divide death anxiety three forms: 1: Predatory death anxiety: is the oldest form of death anxiety, which is caused by the fear of being harmed. (Langs, R,2004) its origin linked with the unicellular organism’s techniques of adaptive resources , the receptors of unicellular react and protect if case of external threat . Response mechanism makes sure the survival in case of physical or chemical forms of attack. In humans when an individual find himself in danger predatory death anxiety evoked which help him to fight or flight decision , mobilized his recourses to fight against threat or attempt to escape (Castano et al ,2011) 2: Existential Death Anxiety: is basic conscious awareness of the reality about the end of the life or death. This is one of the most powerful forms of anxiety. Humans have unique capability of language, which is the basic reason of this kind of anxiety, communication and behavioral change created the roots of existential death anxiety. Humans deal with it through denial which is effected through a wide range of psychological and physical mechanisms. 3: Predator Death Anxiety: this form of death anxiety evoked when a human physically or psychologically harm another liven being. Unconscious guilt arouse in predator anxiety which lead toward and motivate different decision and actions to punish himself or harm himself these self-destructive actions works unconsciously. (Lagon.R, 2004). Terror Management Theory also explain death anxiety, it revolves around an individuals fear of death Originally generated from the work of Ernest Becker (1962, 1973, 1975), this theory hypothesizes that a persons death Anxiety is motivation for his or her behavior (Sowards, Moniz, Harris,1991). Humans experience death anxiety because, unlike other species, there is Awareness of ones own mortality, and yet they strive for self preservation. This knowledge of the inevitability of death can lead to death anxiety or a deep sense of terror. (Harmon-Jones et al.)And this fear of death can change the attitude or opinion of people. Research proves that when fear of death or mortality salience are triggered, even outside of conscious awareness ,people started to become more fearful, intolerant of change, more prejudiced, more socially reserved , start showing there support toward leaders who share there worldview, more fundamentalist and become more intolerant toward those who threatened to change their worldview (Pyszczynski, T., S. Solomon, and J. Greenberg, 2003) Terrorism in Pakistan is mainly caused by TTP for example Manawa Police academy attack, GOR attack, navy base camp attacks and many more. They accepted the responsibility and openly declared war against the state of Pakistan.These acts are causing death anxiety and terrorism catastrophizing which in result changing the attitude of people toward Taliban. Theoretical frame work: Terror Management Theory: The theory was originally proposed by Jeff Greenbrug, Sheldon Solomon, and Tom Pyszczsnky. Terror Management Theory (TMT) proposes that mortality salience motives all human behaviors. Theory explains how people react under the threat of terrorism. It proposes that after major terror hits like 9/11, the realization of one’s eventual death general in public. As the terror attacks keep occurring around the world and people focuses more on these threats fear of death increase. (Pyszczynski, T., S. Solomon, and J. Greenberg,2003). Research proves that when fear of death or mortality salience are triggered, even outside of conscious awareness ,people started to become more fearful, intolerant of change, more prejudiced, more socially reserved , start showing their support toward leaders who share there worldview, more fundamentalist and become more intolerant toward those who threatened to change their worldview .( Pyszczynski, T., S . Solomon, and J.Greenberg,2003). In current situation TTP is the threat for the students, they are causing life threatening situation in reaction student are experiencing death anxiety and they may want to eliminate the threat completely. Objectives of the study: To investigate the attitude of students toward Taliban. To investigate the relationship between attitude toward Taliban (negative and positive) and terrorism catastrophizing. To investigate the relationship between attitude towards Taliban (negative/positive) and death anxiety. To investigate gender differences among the level of terrorism catastrophizing and death anxiety

Essays --

Read analyzes the possibility of manipulating a persons’ memory by simply allowing the persons’ own skills of relating memories against them. When a something influences what a person remembers the resulting effect is false memories. A false memory is the seeming recall of an instance that did not actually happen. A person usually associates words and items together, making intrusions of false words easy. Subjects often hold confidently that the words they recall were all actually on the list read to them. Read demonstrated the ability to create these false memories in people by doing two experiments. In his first experiment Read read a list of 12 words to his subjects; a class of 41 introductory psychology students. The list was comprised of slumber, tired, rest, night, dark, comfort, sound, eat, bed, snore, dream and awake After the reading of the list there was a five minute filled pause before the participants were then asked to recall as many words from the list as possible in three minutes. The participants were asked to rate between a one and a five for each word in order to reflect their confidence that the word was actually in the list of 12; one being no confidence and five being extremely confident. Like other experiments done in the past Read asked the participants to specify whether the actually recall hearing the word or, instead, simply knew that it had been part of the list. The third thing that was asked of the participants was to state whether or not they remembered something strange about how the list of words was said, such as the sound, timing of when each word was said, and placement in the list. To finish this first experiment Read had the participants assign a number between one and twelve to each recall... ...ter than the experimenter. I do not doubt the findings that Read found; because I believe this study to be reliable and valid. Though I think the actual writing out of the results could have been done in a more strategic way so that they were easier to follow. I think the Read went wrong when he did not go into detail about his participants; because of this it is hard to determine generalizability. Even with these desired changes I believe that overall this article and study to be an educational benefit to those who read it. References Don Read, J. (1996). From a passing thought to a false memory in 2 minutes: Confusing real and illusory events. Psychonomic Bulletin & Review, 3(1), 105-111. Retrieved from http://download.springer.com/static/pdf/439/art%3A10.3758%2FBF03210749.pdf ?auth6 6=1392479326_b7da4d31e7b890f8d493e4c278ce1ed9&ext=.pdf

My Last Duchess and Porphyrias Lover by Robert Browning Essay -- Rober

Robert Browning wrote the two poems, "My Last Duchess" and "Porphyria's Lover." Both poems convey an thoughtful, examination profound commentary about the concept of love. communicates two interpretations concerning Both poems describe the behavior of people who are in loving, romantic relationships. There are several aspects common in both poems. Using the literary technique of dramatic dialogue, the author reveals the plot and central idea of each poem. Robert Browning tells each poetic story through a single speaker. Both poems reveal an account in which the admirer kills the object of his love. This paper will compare and contrast the following characteristics: the setting, the speaker, the mood and tone, and theme found "My Last Duchess" and "Porphyria's Lover." One speaker, the Duke of Ferrara, tells the story of "My Last Duchess." The story occurs prior to a meeting between the Count, his emissary, and other dignitaries. Duke Ferrara is speaking privately with the Count's emissary in a room located upstairs within the residence. The Duke is describing a painting of his last wife. The room is stately, well furnished, and decorated with several artistic items. Similarly, a speaker whose identity is unknown tells the poem "Porphyria's Lover." In a dramatic monologue, each speaker relates the details of his poem. Unlike "My Last Duchess," the poem, "Porphyria's Lover," has a very different setting. The events that transpire in "Porphyria's Lover" happen in a secluded cottage on a stormy night. The speaker is alone in the cottage. The strong wind and the unceasing rain are heard and felt inside the dwelling. The cottage is located near a lake and is surrounded by a dense forest. The storyteller has a speci... ... of the love shared between a man and a woman. The aspects of jealousy, vanity, pride, obsessive desire, beauty, and flirtatious behavior are contained in both poems. The desire to completely possess another person's love and affection are related through a dramatic monologue. Robert Browning compares the love Duke Ferrara has for his Duchess with the obsession of Porphyria's lover. The Duke's has a jealous, stubborn, and irrational love for his Duchess. Likewise, Porphyria's is the recipient of a sinister, uncontrolled, and destructive love. Her mysterious admirer is overwhelmed by Porphyria's supreme beauty and her sensual mannerisms. His jealousy and obsession for Porphyria, compels him to act upon his depraved thoughts that will secure her total love and devotion. Porphyria and the Duchess experience similar outcomes that result in the death of both women.

Religion in Society Essay -- Essays Papers

Religion in Society Miriam, Deborah and Huldah all are names of prophets from the Bible; they also all happen to be women. There are even two books in the Bible about women, Esther and Ruth. Psalm 68:11 reads, "The Lord gives the command; the women who proclaim the good tidings are a great host." With all of this support for women, why are they treated as the inferior sex in the church? The article, â€Å"Women and Gender; Reading the Bible through the Eyes of Women,† states that it is â€Å"crucial that women have the same opportunities and freedom of expression as men in the Church, so that the entire community may benefit from their contribution.† However, many churches do not allow women to play a role in the services, and most do not allow there to be a woman priest or pastor. Lori Beamen points out that fact that, â€Å"Although women frequently do the same work as men, they are denied the authority that accompanies those tasks when performed by men.† Statistics even show that 69.9% of women attend church more often than once a year opposed to 58.2% of men. So how can women put in so much time and do all of this work, and still be denied authority? Even though there are instances in the Bible that support women, many people use the Bible to limit women’s roles in the church and to show women are inferior in general. Some feel that since Adam was created first, and it was Eve who was responsible for the eating of the fruit, men are superior. However, the Women and Gender article notes that â€Å"When God told Adam and Eve to be fruitful and multiply, He did not talk to Adam alone. He addressed the two of them together as two equals, to whom He gave a common task. And that is exactly what partners are: two people who are equ... ...r verse. Paul writes in Galatians 3: 28-29, â€Å"There is neither Jew nor Greek, slave nor free, male nor female, for you are all one in Christ Jesus. If you belong to Christ, then you are Abraham’s seed, and heirs according to the promise.† The role of women was enhanced by Christianity and faith in Christ transcends differences and makes all believers one in Christ. Nobody is more superior than the other and if we all remember that, the better the church will function as a whole, no matter if the teachers are male or female. Bibliography African Church Information Service (2003, December 1). â€Å"Women and Gender; Reading the Bible through the Eyes of Women.† AllAfrica, Inc. Beamen, Lori. Introduction. (2004) Sociology of Religion. Wallace, Ruth A. â€Å"The Social Construction of a New Leadership Role: Catholic Women Pastors.† Sociology of Religion, p. 136.

Airbrushing Should Be Banned

Good morning/afternoon class. The topic that we have chosen for our debate is â€Å"That airbrushing should be banned. † We as the affirmative team believe that this statement is true. The points that I will be talking about today is that manipulating images can lead to self-esteem issues, the different types of disorders that photo shopping could lead to and the extensive cost of airbrushing images. To start off, the deceptive imagery of airbrushing can lead to major self-confidence issues. Even though younger girls are exposed to many different types of media and images, the younger generations are not usually able to tell the difference between normal photographs and air-brushed images. †¢This means that over time, young women are increasingly seeing and comparing themselves with images which are neither realistic nor authentic. †¢This can lead to severe self-esteem issues. Images that are altered and manipulated to give an impossibly thin look add to everyoneâ₠¬â„¢s insecurities about their bodies.This is exactly the reason why airbrushing should be banned. Secondly, these diminishing advertisements can sometimes lead to eating disorders. †¢Some people are particularly vulnerable to this pressure to be perfect and risk developing an eating disorder such as anorexia or being bulimic. †¢This is precisely why we're calling for the media to get real and show us bodies in all their gorgeous, natural glory. While it's true that most of us are aware that the majority of women in adverts have been airbrushed to within an inch of their life, sadly, the same can't be said for younger girls, who, from a very early age are constantly being bombarded with digitally altered images without realising just how much they've been manipulated. Do we really want our precious children to change who they are so that they can fit in with society’s perception of perfection?This highlights why any form of enhancing an advertisement should be banne d. Finally, I will address the extensive cost of airbrushing images that companies and we face. †¢Airbrushing images will not only damage young girls self-esteem but it would also take an astonishing amount of money out of the company’s budget. †¢Due to airbrushing, it will not only cost the business money, but also us to go under the knife to achieve these manipulative images from the pressure to be perfect.Are we really going to go to these extreme lengths to look like someone we’re not? This illustrates precisely why photo shopping needs to be expelled. AGAINST OUR ARGUMENTS †¢it’s a clever way for products to be sold, and to attract the target audience they are aiming at. †¢models are usually hired for the purpose to sell the product and being â€Å"Photo shopped† is probably some part of their contract. †¢retouching and photo editing is supposed to make the look of the model attractive, so it is able to sell the product. the models face will usually have to be the image of perfection and beauty to interest a reader to pick up a magazine, thinking that the content will be related to the cover image of beauty. REBUTTALS Would you buy a product from an advert where the model is looking flawless, and has great skin due to airbrushing techniques? Or where it shows the true beauty of someone, and that there should be no reason to change, and to just accept how they look? Should an image that is airbrushed be societies perception of perfection?

The Grinch

What's the first thing that comes to mind when you think of the term villain? Often when we think of a villain we think of people who revel in destruction and have dark masks obscuring their faces. However, we are quick to forget the unseen killers. The ones that go unpunished, people who are incurable taking the world by storm. That is why, out of the unlimited number of villains we have to choose from, as our incessant need to create heroes whom we can place hope in continues, the Caring is by far the best villain.In the movie, â€Å"The Caring†, he proves to know his power isn't his ability to destroy things but the happiness of the people who own them. He knows more than death and demolition his ability to be the Caring, to spread his disease of depression and take away the very enthusiasm that pushes Hovel forward as a society, gives him complete control and makes him truly nefarious. His usual tactics begin to become insufficient in filling the void he knows , deep down, only acceptance will mend. In a furious attempt to push this concept away he decides to steal Christmas.Trapped in a world of despondency and numbness, Caring envies the Who's and their ability to love and feel because he fears love is something he will never be acquainted with. He wants everyone else around him to see life In the same way he does and decides the best way to do this Is to target one of the last vestiges of hope and childhood the Who's have left. The Caring is a clear embodiment of the many qualities and characteristics specific to a villain we discussed in class such as inferiority complex, visual otherness and determination of the will .One only need to heed light to the aspects of the Caring that make him a crook to reveal a very effective and Intriguing one at that. Due to self-image issues and childhood trauma,the Caring has a severe inferiority complex. The Caring is portrayed in a very comic manner but in truth this humor is used to obscure the pain and subsi diaries he's attempted to suppress all his life. He has all this hate and disappointment aimed towards himself but he is Incapable of understanding that the only way to beat ourselves Is to stop fighting, to let go.The Caring tries to counterbalance what he feels towards himself by becoming great and rueful to prove to himself that he's worth something. This is why man v. S self is the hardest battle to wage. The Caring is an equal opponent of himself so he will never win; with every bit of power he gains he will find another thing about himself to antagonize over. His blindness continually pushes him to try and substantiate his reign over Whole. At one point in the movie we see him go into Weevil and absolutely terrorize the people but his high fades as he returns home.As he changes clothes the first thing he does Is pick on how his body looks and decides he can't go o Weevil with Cindy because his schedule is booked with wallowing in self-pity, staring into the abyss, wrestling wi th his self-loathing, and dinner with himself. This is interesting because his desire to eat alone shows he doesn't think he deserves the presence and company of others in his life. Another noticeable example we see in simply trying to overcompensate for his lack of self-esteem.However, The Caring, along with audience sees that even stealing Christmas doesn't make him powerful enough to banish his own demons. Another trait the Caring exhibits is visual otherness. In this case the Gringo's inferiority complex and visual otherness are strongly linked and codependent to an extent. The Caring despises the way he looks and always compares himself to others which creates an atmosphere perfect for self-hatred and a feeling of inferiority. The Gringo's visual otherness is a very prominent component of not only how he views himself but of how the others depict him.He is bright green and furry from head to toe with chipped rotting teeth, deep wrinkle lines etched into his skin, and an unkempt green mass of hair on his head somewhat resembling a Mohawk. This is definitely a major contrast to rosy cheeked blond haired Cindy Lo Who. In this movie, his outer appearance is meant to reflect the self-torment going on inside. From a young age he struggles with choosing his humanity over the beast inside and we can see this paralleled in his appearance.As he turns further away from his humanity he looks less and less like a human and more like the tortured soul the rejection and hardness of the world has molded him into. As in many stories we can distinguish the characters between the ways they look or the colors they wear. The Green of the Gringo's skin and the dirty brown of the rags he wears represent evil, while the Jovial bright reds and pinks associated with Cindy Lo Who represent pure goodness and a rare untainted innocence. We often say love makes man do the most irrational things, but one could argue its heartbreak.It was the lethal combination of heartbreak and determi nation of the will that compelled the Caring to destroy the society that told him (even when he shed all the things that made him unique)he wasn't good enough and that he would never be good enough. That's why he's such a significant villain. The pain of the heartbreak the Who's caused him, along with his infallible drive to accomplish whatever he sets his mind to, makes him almost inexorable. However this determination is a quality often shared between the villain and the hero.This is because determination of the will is an impartial trait with equal opportunity to be claimed either for darkness or light. It depends on who possesses it. The Caring, being an anti-villain, has darkness in him but he also has light. While this quality is identified in his obstinacy of wanting to story Christmas and the spirit of the Who's, we can also distinguish it in his unrelenting resolve to make Martha a Christmas gift worthy of her love, or in his ability to pull a sled weighing more than a ton off the side of a cliff on account of pure willpower and his desire to save the little girl sitting in it.When it comes to his goals and ambitions, the Caring demonstrates tunnel vision, seeing nothing but the final outcome he desires to reach. When we see things with blinders on as the Caring does, we can become dangerous as we lose our ability to see consequences and the indirect impact of our actions. However, this allows us to pull strength from within ourselves we never knew we had to complete our undertakings. This immense Gringo's actions.It is apparent that the crunch is a very interesting and dynamic character with many aspects that make him villainous and offer explanation for the commonly known phrase â€Å"his heart was two sizes too small. † Inferiority complex, visual otherness and determination of the will, provide undeniable proof the Caring is a villain but it has yet to be understood why the Caring is the best villain. The reason the Caring is such a fantast ic villain is because Hess so relatable; we can all see a little of ourselves him.While we usually don't go climb a mountain over it, we all have days where we are plagued with doubts about where we fit into our society, never mind the world, and dysphasia spreads like a disease through our minds. We all have days where we are angry at the world and feel that's causing destruction and pain is the only way to satisfy our rage. We also all carry that determination to fight for what we want even when we know its wrong. Dry.Issues manages to create a character in which we can recognize villainous qualities and tendencies, but still have hope for him because we recognize those same aspects in ourselves, and we have to believe there's hope for people like the Caring because we have to believe there is hope for people like ourselves. Ultimately, the Caring is a portrait of the war between the good and bad in all of us and teaches us we can be fixed and we're not all doomed to be broken rec ords repeating our same mistakes again and again never being able to let go.

Pele

Adrian Corona Speech 101 Pele- Informative Speech Introduction: 1. Attention Getter- â€Å"My father always told me, football is a gift from god, and god gave you this gift, just how he gives a song to a musician, or a singer. So you have to take care of your health, how you prepare yourself, and you always have to respect your opponents, and if you do that you will be a great player and no one will stop you. † This is one famous quote from Pele’s book â€Å"My life, and The Beautiful Game. † 2.Brief Intro- Edison Arantes do Nascimento, more known as Pele was one of, if not the greatest footballer in the world. He was born on October 23, 1940 in Tres Coracoes, Brazil. At only 15, he began to play professional football, and made a huge impact in his team, as well as the national team. Even though Edison was his real name, Pele caught on because it means a miracle in Hebrew. He did not like it at first, but got use to it. He is regarded by many players and fans as the best footballer of all time. 3. Thesis- Today I will talk on behalf how and why Pele is known as the world’s best footballer 4.Preview Statement- First I will talk about Pele’s youth career, next I will talk on behalf of his career stats, and highs, and finally I will talk on how Pele impacted the game in many ways. Body 1. Main Point 1- Pele’s Youth Career A. Pele was first spotted by another football star named Waldemar de Brito. He knew from the beginning that he had an indescribable talent, and had to be signed right away. So Pele began playing for Santos at 15 and his national team at 16, and won his first world cup at 17. a. Even though he had many offer from European clubs, he could not leave Brazil because of the law.He even was declared a national treasure in 1961 by President Janio Quadros of Brazil. b. This made him stay in Santos for almost two decades, but brought much success to the team, as well as for him. (Which I will get into later) c. â⠂¬Å"It seems as if Edison was born with a football. I remember that even before he could walk, he would have a ball with him, and once he could, well that was that. You would always see him playing with his little friends, and what kept him going was not only the love of the game, but looking up to his father†, says his mother in his book â€Å"My Life and the Beautiful Game. Transitional statement- Now I will move on to Pele’s many career stat’s, and all time career highs. Main Point 2- Pele Career Stats and Highs A. Supporting Point- At the end of his career, Pele was known as â€Å"The Black Pearl†, or â€Å"The King Pele†. This name caught on for many reasons. a. Pele was known for his accomplishments and contributions to the game of football. b. For one, Pele has many awards and records. Some of them are: c. In 1999, he was voted Player of the Century by the International Federation of Football.In that same year Pele was elected â€Å"Athlete of the Century† by the â€Å"International Olympic Committee and Reuters News Agency. † d. He was the best well paid athlete of the world for his time. e. He is the most successful league scorer in the world with 541 league goals. In total, he scored 1281 in 1363 matches. f. Won the world cup 3 times (World Record 1958,1962, 1970) g. Won numerous titles with Santos, such as the Copa Libertadores, Intercontinental Cup. (Both in 1962, 1963), Supercopa de Campeones Internacionales (1968), and many, many more. These accomplishments are with Santos only, not the Cosmos) h. He was also one of the best players in the world cups he participated in, receiving the Silver Boot, Silver Ball, and Golden Ball. As well as the all time leading scorer with 77 goals in the national team. i. With a record high of 40 official titles, and a few more runner up titles, Pele without a doubt was considered as the greatest footballer of all time. j. Pele is also acknowledgeable for his vocal su pport of policies to improve conditions for the poor. He even dedicated his 1000th goal to the poor children of Brazil. . Even after retirement, Pele was still around serving as a worldwide ambassador and has taken many roles for participating in FIFA events such as promotions for the world cup. Transitional Statement- After getting some idea of his many accomplishments, I will finally talk about the ways Pele changed the game of Football forever. Main Point 3- The change Pele brought to Football. A. Supporting Point- Pele brought many new ways to play football. a. For one, he was one of the first to do actual tricks in a match of football.For example a top hat in his first world cup. No other team has ever seen something like this. b. Pele also set many new standards for the game. He set many records that people still try to break to this day. c. He also made other players strive to become as successful as he did. Made, and encouraged many players to become more than just a good pl ayer that they already are. d. He was one of the reasons why the prices in the contracts of footballers went up because when more than one team will bid for the same player, they added more money too it. e.And according to the New York Times, Pele is seen as an all rounded player, being the player that he was, and being committed to helping out his country, which makes him almost unreachable by other footballers. Now I will conclude my topic of The one and only Pele Conclusion- A. Pele is seen as the world’s best footballer. B. Today I have informed you about Edison, or more known as Pele, and his youth career, career stats and highs, and how he changed the game forever. C. Even though there are many great footballers like Maradonna, Hugo Sanchez, Ronaldihno, and many others, no one has compared to The King, Pele.Works Cited Page 1. Fish, Robert L. Pele : My Life and the Beautiful Game: The Autobiography of Pele. London: New English Library, 1978. Print. 2. â€Å"A Biography of Pele. † A Biography of Pele. Www. latinosportslegends. com, Apr. -May 2001. Web. 24 Oct. 2012. . 3. Cooper, Ben. â€Å"Soccer's Superlative. † Soccer's Superlative. New York Times, 04 June 1975. Web. 24 Oct. 2012. .

Harry Houdini

Sarah Busi Ms. Roach Honors American Literature 12 March 2013 Harry Houdini: World’s Greatest Magician â€Å"Remembered for his ability to escape from bonds and containers, Houdini is the world’s most famous magician, and his name is instantly recognized, although he died over 70 years ago† (â€Å"Harry 1†). Harry Houdini was much more than any ordinary magician a mother might hire for their child’s birthday party. When one thinks of Harry Houdini, the furthest thing from their mind would be the cliched pulling a rabbit out of a hat or amateur card tricks.Houdini forced his audience to question reality with his outstanding and incomprehensible ability to make the impossible possible. During the 1920s, crime, gangster activity, and racial discrimination were at their peak, but Harry Houdini was able to offset some of those harsh realities by entertaining and fascinating people using the mystery and illusion of his magic tricks. Harry Houdini’s early life influenced and sparked his interest in entertainment and magic.The Weiss family, consisting of Mayer Samuel, Cecilia Steiner Weiss, and their five children, were originally from Budapest, Hungary and later immigrated to Appleton, Wisconsin (Higbee). Harry Houdini was born on March 24, 1874 (â€Å"Harry 2†). Harry Houdini’s father, a rabbi named Mayer Samuel, did not necessarily agree with his son’s interest in magic, but when Harry was sixteen, his father passed away, and he felt free to pursue his passion as a career. Harry’s brother, Theodore Hardeen, born Ferencz Deszo Weiss, helped him to kick-start his career by becoming his magic assistant.The duo became known as the â€Å"Houdini Brothers† (Higbee). Houdini later met Wilhelmina Beatrice â€Å"Bess† Rahner, and two weeks later, he made her his wife. Bess was also in the entertainment business as a struggling singer, so she decided to help her husband with his magic career. Although she replaced Theodore, Bess made a great magic assistant because she could sing, dance, and she was light weight (â€Å"Harry 1†). To most, magic is just a hobby, but instead, Harry Houdini decided to pursue his passion and was very ambitious to become the best in his craft. Houdini’s first exposure to magic was when his father took him to see Dr.Lynn, a touring magician, who used butcher knives to cut off the limbs and head of a victim in a cabinet. Harry Houdini was thereafter infatuated with magic. â€Å"At the age of 12, Houdini ran away from home to find a job and help support his family. When he returned, he greeted his mother with, â€Å"Shake me, I’m magic. † As his mother shook him, coins flew from his body; this was Houdini’s first magic trick. † The young, aspiring magician educated himself primarily with books. Revelations of Spirit Medium by A. Medium exposed the tricks of fake psychics, and The Memoirs of Robert-Houdin was the autobiography of Houdini’s mentor and inspiration. At the age of seventeen, Erich Weiss changed his name to Harry Houdini after Harry Kellar, American magician, and Jean Eugene Robert-Houdin, from whom Houdini took his surname and added the letter ‘i’. Houdini had written, â€Å"From the moment I began to study the art, he became my guide and hero. I asked nothing more of life than to become in my profession like Robert-Houdin† (â€Å"Harry 1†). Harry Houdini’s thirty-five year magic career was very successful and his well-known, outrageous stunts made him the legendary magician we know him as today.One of Houdini’s first performances got him the name the â€Å"King of Cards. † He was obviously a talented magician but he performed simple tricks that got mediocre reviews (â€Å"Harry 1†). For about seven years, Houdini worked small shows and labored in obscurity. He was on the brink of reevaluating his career when he was given his big break on vaudeville by theater master, Martin Beck. Beck became Houdini’s manager and helped the young magician get nationwide notoriety. This was a huge leap from the twenty-five dollar a week Harry had been previously making. This was a huge turning point for his career (â€Å"Harry 4†). Harry joined the Society of American Magicians (S. A. M. ) in 1904, an organization established in 1902 by professional and amateur conjurers who shared a common interest in publicizing mystery attractions and sharing their tricks at monthly meetings. † Houdini resigned two weeks later because of disagreements regarding his magazine. Harry Houdini and S. A. M. eventually reconciled their differences and Harry not only rejoined the group, but was readmitted as an honorary member in 1912 and was later even elected president, which was a huge honor to Houdini (â€Å"Harry 1†).He sailed to England in the summer of 1900 where he began his first internati onal tour. Upon returning to the United States in 1905, he was feeling pressure to become bigger and better. Houdini toured for the next ten years, constantly finding ways to stay in the public eye and push his abilities to their limits (â€Å"Harry 4†). But Harry was smart. He knew that his vaudeville tours would not last forever so he started finding alternative ways to further his career. He began appearing in silent films such as Master Mystery and Grime Game.This also sparked his idea to found the Houdini Picture Corporation in 1921. The production company debuted its first film the Man From Beyond (â€Å"Harry 5†). Another venture that Harry Houdini was particularly proud of was the Conjurer’s Monthly Magazine (â€Å"Harry 3†). Harry Houdini is known for his death-defying stunts and escapes and his ability to entertain and shock his audience which is why he is considered to be one of the forefathers of magic and illusions. Houdini had two fundamenta l types of tricks: illusions and escapes.For example, early on in his career, Harry realized that most handcuffs open with the same key. He then took this premise and began to encourage the members of his audience to bring their own handcuffs to lock him into for a sense of believability. This became known as his â€Å"Challenge Handcuff Act†. But later on in his career, his escapes became more and more outrageous. On January 7, 1906, Harry Houdini established himself as a professional magician by escaping from the jail cell of President Garfield’s assassin, Charles Guiteau, in Washington DC.Houdini was stripped down, searched, and locked up in the cell. Not only did he escape from the cell, he also retrieved his clothes that were locked in a different cell, redressed, and switched eight other prisoners to different cells, all in 21 minutes. This stunt was coined, the â€Å"Naked Prison Test Escape†. Harry Houdini then decided to take his escape skills to the ne xt level by challenging himself to get out of a straitjacket. Sure enough, the master escape artist was able to do it, but how? There are theories that Harry had to dislocate his shoulder in order to get slack.Or perhaps another, and more likely theory, is that Harry expanded his chest and strained against the body straps. While those are just examples of Houdini’s most famous escapes, he is also known for being an illusionist as well. One of Harry’s most famous illusions was the â€Å"Vanishing Elephant† which became such a hit, that Houdini continued to perform it on his tour for nineteen weeks. It first debuted on January 7, 1918 when Houdini’s 10,000 pound elephant, Jenni, walked into an empty cabinet with a door on the back and a curtain in front. Two seconds later, Jenni had disappeared. Needless to say, Houdini left the audience dumbfounded.Unfortunately, however, during Houdini’s tour on October 22, 1926, students from McGill University ask ed if Houdini could withstand a blow to the stomach. Before Harry had any time to brace himself for the hit, J. Gordon punched the famous magician three times causing his appendix to rupture. Harry survived but not for much longer. A few weeks later he fell ill from streptococcus peritonitis (an inflammation of the abdominal cavity) and died on October 31, 1926. Harry Houdini’s mysterious illusions and risky escapes caught the attention of people all over the world, and he continued to entertain them for the early part of the 1920s.As the forefather of magic, Harry Houdini set the stage for future, aspiring magicians to try to go above and beyond his already extreme tricks. There have been comparable stunts from magicians, such as Chris Angel and David Blane more recently, but Harry was the first to make the impossible possible. For that he will forever be known as the greatest magician of not only the 1920s, but the greatest magician of all time. Works Cited â€Å"Harry 1 H oudini. † American Decades. Ed. Judith S. Baughman, et al. Detroit: Gale, 1998. Biography In Context. Web. 21 Feb. 2013. â€Å"Harry 2 Houdini. Encyclopedia of Occultism and Parapsychology. Detroit: Gale, 2001. Biography In Context. Web. 21 Feb. 2013. â€Å"Harry 3 Houdini's Magic. † American Decades Primary Sources. Ed. Cynthia Rose. Vol. 1: 1900-1909. Detroit: Gale, 2004. 33-37. Biography In Context. Web. 21 Feb. 2013. â€Å"Harry 4 Houdini. † St. James Encyclopedia of Popular Culture. Ed. Sara Pendergast and Tom Pendergast. Detroit: St. James Press, 2000. Biography In Context. Web. 21 Feb. 2013. Higbee, Joan F. â€Å"Houdini: A Biographical Chronology. † Houdini: A Biographical Chronology. Oct. 1996: n. p. SIRS Government Reporter. Web. 22 Feb 2013.

Challenges and Issues for Nurses While Caring for Patients Assignment

Challenges and Issues for Nurses While Caring for Patients - Assignment Example Keywords: Nurses, End-of-life care, hospital mismanagement, obstacles Death is a grim reality, an undeniable fact, one which no one can escape. For decades nurses have been taking care of dying patients and their families, most of the time this happens in critical care setting. The role of nurses during the end of life period is a sacred one. It is the period in which it is expected that death is imminent and it cannot be avoided by using any intensive or life extending therapy (Kinoshita & Miyashita, 2011). The care provided during this period is known as end of life care, abbreviated as EOLC. The significance of EOLC is increasing and it is now becoming a subspecialty considering that 27% of deaths have occurred in ICU and of the deaths which occurred in hospital setting 42% of patients were in a specialty unit for the last three days (Bach, Ploeg & Black, 2009). For nurses a good death will be free of pain, will include comfort and respect for the patient and will allow the family to conduct their EOL rituals. In accordance with this the goal of EOLC is to offer support, consideration and attention to patients and their respective families during this period where one is in the last phase of his terminal illness (Doolen & York, 2007). Caring for dying patients is never easy which makes this job one of the most stressful ones. In addition to this nurses are facing a number of challenges and obstacles in providing the best possible care. There are a number of different barriers which are mentioned in various research articles. Crump, Schaffer & Schulte (2010) have identified lack of proper communication, insufficient staff and unfavorable treatment decision as obstacles (2010). However Doolen & York (2007) believe that cultural differences are the main issues which are causing problems in EOLC. This essay is written in order to identify and discuss these issues and challenges affecting the EOLC and see if they can be solved in order to help the nurses in their profession. It is very important to understand the role which culture plays in a health facility. Before this one must understand the concept of culture. Culture comprises of knowledge, ideals, beliefs, conscience, morals, habits, characteristics, perceptions and behavior of a particular society (Lewis, Heitkemper & Dirksen, 2004). Today many of the developed countries have cultural diversity. In accordance with this the nursing staff should also have had a similar diversity which unfortunately is not the case. According to Doolen & York (2007) cultural challenges have three significant elements which need to be considered. These elements include communication regarding the disease, family consultations and approaches regarding the different life extending therapies and advance directives. This can be seen in Korea where it is believed that one shouldn’t discuss death because talking openly about the death will not only bring sadness to the patient but will accelerate the dy ing process (Valente & Haley, 2007). In addition to this people belonging to the Filipino culture believe that if terms related to death are spoken loudly they will interfere with the natural process of healing and will result in death. On the other hand some cultures have beliefs which state that the decisions regarding EOLC are to be only shared with the family members and not with the patient itself in order to protect him from this burden while others have a belief

Managing Behavior in the Workplace Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

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Information Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Information Management - Essay Example Evolution of Information Systems Over the decades, technology has evolved manifolds. The major enhancements pertaining to the technological developments involve the communication media. Transfer of information amongst the users has always been a critical issue embedded in the communication strategies. Business environments have imbibed the technology trends up to a great extent in order to enhance their functionality as a complete unit that integrated diverse areas of work (Govindaraj, 2001). The necessity to manage all the data and information related to the vendors, consumers, employees, work processes, business transactions, stakeholders and so on had to be addressed to the minutest details. This issue demanded for an evolution of a system that could store all the information generated at diverse fields of work and support the handling of information in a limpid manner. The system that provides the infrastructure to manage and maintain such task is known as â€Å"Information Systems Provision†. Implementation of Information Systems Information Systems is implemented on the type of the information, whose analysis is required to understand the processes and parameters linked to the data. This data may be acquired from various fields of the concerned business environment (Warboys, Kawalek, Robertson and Greenwood, 1999). Following are the requirements to implement an Information System for a marketing division. To model the dynamics of the processes those effect the production.

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A WOMAN'S CURSE Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

A WOMAN'S CURSE - Assignment Example A woman going through such situation could be certain that she could become pregnant, though presently not pregnant, but healthy enough to become pregnant. Writing through the Beverly Strassmann empirical research work, having lived for over two years among the Dogon of Mali in West Africa, being part of their culture, and the menstruating women were being confined to menstrual huts that are behind the compound of the village. Urine samples collected by the researcher showed that the women did not visit the huts throughout the pregnancy or during the period when there is an absence of menstruation. This means that the menstrual taboos of the Dogon traditional culture were useful in providing men with the genuine signals of female reproductive status. An implication of Strassman’s work might be reflected that modern lifestyles and the proliferation in the use of contraceptives might be in conflict with a woman’s naturally evolving biological developments. To support this proposition, she noted that the Dogon women menstruate 10 times while western women counter parts menstruate at least 400 times and even more. A feature may lead to cancer prone among the western women folk more than he Dogon traditional women folk. The study by Strassman, as analyzed by the author has proposed the interplay between biology and culture in human reproduction, a leading factor in human behaviour

Responses To Post Of Students Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Responses To Post Of Students - Essay Example Even if the questions are well formulated, where D&I fails in an organization, the people who should provide the most relevant information, those minority members most affected by discrimination, would not be expected to candidly divulge their true sentiments or reactions in the survey or interview. There is a compulsion to outwardly conform to the majority expectation in order to keep one's job, although what they feel and think is contrary to what they express. Only when D&I is effective and the underrepresented can feel free to express their honest opinions can such a survey be considered reliable. The situation, therefore, yields a reverse outcome that follows a convoluted logic – that is, where the results show negative comments on D&I effectiveness can it be said that D&I has actually been effective.The post does not say, however, what these baseline measures pertain to – whether it refers to increase in job satisfaction, added productivity, reduced operating cost , and so forth. The selection of appropriate measurements becomes more challenging when one considers that most of these attributes are normally and more significantly influenced by factors other than diversity and inclusion. For instance, increased manpower cost is typically related to rising salaries and wages. Much of the elements in diversity and inclusion efforts defy quantification, because of the difficulty of isolating the impact of specific measures, and the complete absence of a measurable component.

Analysisn of Premier Food`s Code of Conduct and Business Ethics Essay

Analysisn of Premier Food`s Code of Conduct and Business Ethics - Essay Example These values are reflected not only in the company’s code of conduct, but in Premier Foods’ annual report to shareholders which emphasise corporate social responsibility as a key business success factor. Critical analysis of Premier Foods’ Code of Conduct Premier Foods has established its code of conduct, a document illustrating the expectations of both managers and employees to satisfy demands for ethical business behaviour. The code of conduct stipulates that manager should be leading by example as well as creating a decentralised environment in which employees are allowed to express their concerns openly (Premier Foods 2012). Premier Foods identifies one of its core values as trust (Premier Foods 2012), the foundation by which employees are willing to follow leadership guidance and example. According to Farrell and Knight (2003, p.541) â€Å"trust is embodied in the regulations, rules and policies by which leaders seek to get accepted by others†. The co de of conduct acts as both a reinforcement of expectations of ethical behaviour and also as a sanction by which to ensure compliance, backed by managerial role modelling of desired behaviours to gain employee commitment to achieving strategic goals. Premier Foods establishes an ethical climate by using the code of conduct to promote social justice. Under social justice theory in ethics, it is assumed that every individual in society or in the organisation maintains an inviolability of justice and human rights that cannot and should not be overridden by the broader organisational culture (Rawls 2005). The expectations of managers in promoting equality and rights in the workplace are reflected in the corporate code of conduct, emphasised under the company’s â€Å"treating people fairly† guidelines. Premier Foods ensures that fair treatment is imposed on the employee population with decisions made based on individual merit (Premier Foods 2012). The company also ensures eq ual opportunities for all employees through objective management systems. These aforementioned managerial responsibilities highlighted in the corporate code of conduct are designed around transformational leadership theory, one in which managers are interactive with employees, regularly impart mission and vision principles to gain commitment, and where managers utilise role modelling to promote ethics under social learning theory (Fairholm 2009; Schlosberg 2006). This is how trust is instilled into the organisation: the business does not simply promote its belief in social justice and equality, but injects a clear example of its ethical values into the philosophy of management utilised by leaders in the organisation. Premier Foods is able to maintain its tight and unified corporate culture by not deviating from management theory that promotes equality and shared decision-making. â€Å"Leaders who are ethical demonstrate a level of integrity that is important for stimulating a sense of leader trustworthiness† (Resick et al. 2006, p.348). Grieves (2010) iterates that change must be a negotiated order in order to gain employee commitment and loyalty. The conception of social justice and equality, as two components acting as the foundation of trust, are reinforced by establishing expectations for managerial behaviour under visionary or transformational

Income Tax and Deductions Essay Example for Free

Income Tax and Deductions Essay Tax avoidance is legal in most states and every tax payer will present his returns in a way which reduces tax burden the most. Thus a taxpayer will opt for either standard deduction or itemized deduction whichever will enable him shoulder less tax burden. For standard deduction the deduction from taxable amount is a standard amount. For example for a single citizen the standard amount is $5,350. For married couples filling jointly the standard deduction will be double for the single ($10,700) but for a married couples filing separately each will be allowed a standard amount like for a single person it is ,350. A qualifying widow(er) with dependant child will be treated the same way a married couple filing jointly. For the head of household whether a woman or a man the deduction will be $7,850. Itemized deduction is enjoyed by adjusting your spending behavior to spend more on the items which enjoy tax privileges. Similarly one can claim dependant from a qualifying child or relative which has tax benefits such as the Child Tax Credit, the Child and Dependant Care Credit as well as the Earned Income Credit. These all work to the advantage of the tax payer. The standard deduction for a dependant is the higher of $850 and the dependants earned income plus $300 provided it does not exceed the standard deduction of the filing taxpayer. However in some instances the treatment gives some taxpayers unfair advantage over others. For instance a parent can claim a qualifying child but don’t claim the child as his/hers. Thus another parent can claim dependant deduction from the same child provided the AGI of the person higher than the highest AGI (Adjusted Gross Income) of the two parents. This can be misused by the taxpayers who have higher AGI than other parent thus enjoying unfair tax advantage.

A Midsummer Nights Dream Essay Example for Free

A Midsummer Nights Dream Essay Compare and contrast the writers presentation of love and hate in The End of the Affair, A Midsummer Nights Dream and the poems of Robert Browning The recurring themes of love and hate are prominent in Graham Greenes The End of the Affair, Shakespeares A Midsummer Nights Dream and the poems of Robert Browning, and are in many cases evidently the inspiration for the stories and characters that are created within these texts. In A Midsummer Nights Dream, Shakespeare explores the contrasting emotions of love and hate by involving such impossibilities as magic and fairies in his tale, primarily as a device to bring out in his characters every feeling that is experienced whilst one is in Love or tormented by Hate, including jealousy, control and despair. It is an analysis, rather than just a story, of love and hate. The poems of Robert Browning namely The Laboratory, My Last Duchess and The Light Woman on the other hand, present scenarios in which the contrast of love and hate is present. These poems are not so much an analysis of love and hate as they are a presentation of the effect that these emotions can have on an individual. The End of the Affair is a comparatively more comprehensive examination of the effects of love on a man, and how love is able to create jealousy and insecurity, which can potentially transform into hate, obsession and a lust for control. This is a sentiment expressed by Maurice Bendrix whilst writing about the snowball effect that insecurity can create in a relationship: Insecurity twists meanings and poisons trust. From the very beginning of Act One of A Midsummer Nights Dream, we see that love causes and fuels a need for control and hateful emotions a motif which runs throughout the entire play. Egeuss parental love for Hermia is too strong for him to allow his daughter to marry a man about whom he knows very little, therefore Hermias love for Lysander causes Egeus to hate him, to the extent that he accuses Lysander of stealing his daughter: With cunning hast thou filched my daughters heart/Turned her obedience, which is due to me/To stubborn harshness. Similarly, Robert Brownings The Laboratory includes a female main character who is so consumed by jealousy after her husband becomes enamoured with her rivals, Elise and Pauline, that she has visited an alchemist in order to create a poison that would kill both of them without sparing any of the pain of death. This character, too, accuses her rivals of stealing her love: Shes not little, no minion like me! /Thats why she ensnared him. Interestingly, both Egeus and The Laboratorys main character speak of their loved ones as if they are possessions that are being taken away from them. Egeuss use of the word filch implies that his daughters heart is something of quite superficial value that has literally been stolen, whilst the Laboratory womans inclusion of the word ensnare in her description portrays the image of an animal being unwittingly trapped and taken from her. This shows how ones love for an individual can inspire a need for control over them. If control is not attainable, possessive love can convert into hatred towards potential rivals for control. Maurice Bendrix is a man obsessed with control. He admits that, in order to feel sexual desire towards a woman, he must feel that they are inferior to him: I have always found it hard to feel sexual desire without some sense of superiority, mental or physical. However, when he falls in love with the woman who is the exception to this rule Sarah his lack of control over their relationship inspires hatred within him. Unlike the protagonists of The Laboratory or A Midsummer Nights Dream, Bendrix is the oppressive character who is consciously attempting to take Sarah away from her husband Henry, yet it seems that Henry does not hate Bendrix at all in fact, things are quite the opposite. In parts of the novel, Bendrix hates Henry because, even though Henry and Sarah havent even consummated their marriage, his mere existence prevents Bendrix from having as much control over Sarah as he desires for example, when Henry is ill and Sarah stays at home to look after him, out of a sense of duty more than anything, Bendrix immediately feels inferior to Henry, and he writes I had felt friendship and sympathy for Henry, but already he had become an enemy, to be mocked and resented and covertly run down. Interestingly, Bendrix describes Henry here as his enemy a declaration which is made at various points throughout the novel. Its as though a battle for control over Sarah is being waged between two or three separate parties: Bendrix, the physical lover; Henry, the lawful husband, and, in the time before Sarahs death, even God, who Bendrix describes as a jealous God. On the other hand, Bendrix also hates the fact that Henry doesnt try to have more control over Sarah, which means that she could be having affairs with any number of other men: I hated his blinkers even when I had benefited from them, knowing that others could benefit too. There are also times when Bendrix is disturbed by how easily Sarah can so nonchalantly cope with their secret relationship when she is in front of Henry: We kissed and heard the squeak of the stair, and I watched sadly the calmness of her face when Henry came in. In these cases, it is love which once again fuels hatred towards Henry and suspicion towards Sarah when it is distorted by the emotion of jealousy. Furthermore, all three authors portray the ways in which relationships are affected by the passing of time. Robert Brownings My Last Duchess is a dramatic monologue about a Duke who once loved his wife, otherwise he would not have married her, but eventually began to loathe her recalcitrant ways, proclaiming things like She liked whateer/She looked on, and her looks went everywhere. When the Dukes love for his Duchess was young, his infatuation with her would have compelled him to ignore her imperfections, much like how the main character in The Laboratory places the blame of her husbands infidelity on her rivals rather than him because of her blind love for him. However, as time passed, the Duke began to realise that his wife was far less subservient than he had first thought, which twisted his love for her into frustration and jealousy. Throughout the monologue, the Duke lists a number of incidents in which the Duchess makes him feel jealous, and he expresses his belief that She had/A heart how shall I say? Too soon made glad. It is as though he is using the Duchesss alleged infidelity to justify her murder. The Dukes frustration is reflected in the structure of the poem its not separated into stanzas and there are fluctuations in line length, even though there is a steady rhyme scheme. The chaos within the Dukes mind is also shown via Brownings use of caesura throughout the text; the Duke interjects his own sentences with sudden remarks of disgust and loathing whenever an opportunity arises to once again belittle his wife, for example: She thanked men, good! But thanked/Somehow I know not how as if she ranked/My gift of a nine-hundred-years-old-name/With anybodys gift. The fact that he believes that his own family name is a better gift than any other is also evidence of what a selfish, inadequate husband he was, and the hate that he shows towards his wife is unjustified, and is a result of his own personality flaws. Conversely, there are some who believe that the Dukes loathing is caused by the Duchesss own lack of commitment to the marriage; the Duke only wants feel secure in her love, but she treats him like anybody else. Similarly to the Dukes relationship with the Duchess, Oberons relationship with Titania is also one which varies greatly over time. It is a shallow relationship, considering that its stability seems to rest entirely on the shoulders of a magical changeling boy who is under the guardianship of Titania, but is desired by Oberon. He directly makes his need for the changeling boy known to Titania in Act Two, Scene One: I do but beg a little changeling boy/To be my henchman. Much like Brownings My Last Duchess, a lot of the conflict between the two parties is caused by the wife not giving the husband what he wants. Because of this, Oberons jealousy towards Titania early on in the play is so strong that it causes a series of events which Titania calls the forgeries of jealousy crops are ruined, frogs rain from the sky and livestock has been killed. These are the physical embodiments of Oberons hatred towards his wife. The hatred that stems from her defiance of his request later comes to a climax when he wishes death upon her with his love in idleness juice: The next thing when she, waking, looks upon -/Be it on lion, bear, or wolf, or bull/On meddling monkey, or on busy ape -/She shall pursue it with the soul of love. However, once Oberon has stolen Titanias changeling boy whilst she is distracted by Bottoms artificial love, thus gaining control of the relationship, his attitude towards Titania changes and his love for her is no longer blinded by jealousy, calling the love in idleness a hateful imperfection of her eyes and Titania my sweet Queen. The contrast between the hate and jealousy that Oberon feels for Titania at the beginning of the play and the love that he feels for her towards the end shows that love can be a fickle emotion; if one of the many fine balances that a relationship relies on is knocked out of its equilibrium, then love can be blinded by emotions such as jealousy and possibly hatred. In The End of the Affair, there are three characters whose feelings of both love and hate towards one another change over time: Sarah, Bendrix and Henry. Book Three, which is almost entirely comprised of Sarahs diary entries, is far more coherently structured than the rest of the novel, which is unreliably narrated by Bendrix. This is because Sarahs diary was intended to be read by nobody else, therefore it is a truthful account of thoughts and feelings, whereas Bendrixs accounts are often over-thought to the tiniest detail, which often leads to recollections of the past or even contradictions, such as referring to Henry as his enemy on one page, and then as Poor Henry on the next. Henry is also the source of the only inconsistency in Sarahs writings on one page, she writes I love Henry: I want him to be happy and then on the next page she writes To hell with Henry. I want somebody wholl accept the truth about me and doesnt need protection. Furthermore, Book Three is also a plot device used by Greene in order to fill in the gaps of Bendrixs unreliable narrative and to provide the reader with Sarahs perspective of the affair and her feelings of love over time. We discover in Book Three that Sarahs decision to devote herself to God was the ultimate expression of everlasting love. In Sarahs mind, the only way to save Bendrixs life after the bomb explosion was to stop seeing Bendrix and start believing in God, but we know that this was a last resort because she writes So I said, I love him and Ill do anything if You make him alive. This prayer also served as a vow to love Bendrix forever, even if it meant not seeing him; she used God as an example of how this is possible: People can love without seeing each other, cant they, they love You all their lives without seeing You. Unlike the Duke in My Last Duchess, Sarahs love for Bendrix doesnt deteriorate over time, it just gets stronger. Sarah is more like Titania in A Midsummer Nights Dream, because even though she constantly fears the end of the affair, and even though she has the occasional argument with Bendrix, which may for a short time provide an illusion of hate, she will always love him in the long run, just like Titania and Oberon. All three authors create characters within their texts that exist solely to create conflict or perform acts of hate, sometimes out of some whimsical impulse and sometimes because of misguided love. In The End of the Affair, Bendrix makes several references to a demon that tells him to do or say hateful things for example, after Bendrix tells Henry about how he hired Mr. Parkis (who is also highly skilled in, as Bendrix calls it, the devils game) to follow Sarah, with the intention of hurting him, he writes The demon had done its work. I felt drained of venom. Although Bendrix writes about the demon as though it is an entirely independent entity, there are some who believe that, as a man who insists on being in control, Bendrix quietly thinks that he is the demons creator, because he is not the kind of man who would listen to such things from anybody else. I believe that Bendrixs demon is his sense of jealousy that compels him to hurt whoever puts doubt into his mind. He doesnt hurt Henry simply because he feels like it, he hurts him because his existence means that theres always a possibility that he could take Sarah from him he is the enemy, after all; the one who, according to Bendrix, sometimes has the upper-hand in the battle of love: Didnt he in the end possess the winning cards the cards of gentleness, humility and trust? . The protagonist of Robert Brownings A Light Woman is similar to Maurice Bendrix in that he is assured in the knowledge that he is always right, even though what he thinks is right can cause emotional pain to other people. The poem portrays the fickleness of love through the light woman, who wishes to add the protagonists friend To her nine-and-ninety other spoils/The hundredth for a whim! she thinks of love as a shallow thing to be briefly sampled, rather than savoured. When the protagonist diverts the light womans poisonous attention away from his friend, however, he views it as a hateful act: One should master ones passions, (love, in chief)/And be loyal to ones friends! . Although the protagonist had the best intentions, his act of love towards his friend was misguided. He is also an arrogant person, similar to the Duke, because he compares himself to an eagle and his friend to a wren: The eagle am I, with my fame in the world/The wren is he, with his maiden face. This narcissism leads him to toy with the emotions of the light woman once he has gained her attention, comparing her to a ripened pear: Just a touch and off it came;/Tis mine,- can I let it fall? he doesnt show any concern for the emotions of the woman, he simply doesnt know whether to physically have his way with her or not, having no mind to eat it, thats the worst! , using the pear analogy again. He decides not to respond to the womans advances, thus hurting her feelings as well his original act of love has resulted in a perceived act of hate towards two different people. Despite this, however, he still insists that he did the right thing: Yet think of my friend, and the burning coals/He played with for bits of stone! even though he has inadvertently hurt his friends feelings, he believes that he has saved him from suffering heartbreak as the result of being misguided by the light woman. In A Midsummer Nights Dream, Shakespeares use of Puck to spread the love that Oberon wishes to happen is a device used to create conflict between the characters of the play, thus allowing Shakespeare to present different aspects of love and hate. Like Bendrixs demon, Oberon tells Puck to carry out his act of malevolence out for him when he orders the love in idleness juice to be dropped into Titanias eyes in order to make her full of hateful fantasies. However, similarly to the protagonist of A Light Woman, Oberons good intentions when he tells Puck to douse an Athenian mans eyes with the same juice fall awry when Puck mistakenly places the wrong drops into the wrong eyes. This attempt to create love instead creates a hatred which culminates in Lysander and Demetrius fighting and Hermia wanting to kill Helena, who decides to flee the conflict: Your hands than mine are quicker for a fray;/My legs are longer, though, to run away! . Similarly to the protagonist of The Laboratory, who accuses women of ensnaring her husband, Hermia calls Helena a thief of love, which again shows the need for control in a relationship by referring to lovers as possessions. In conclusion, the recurring themes of love and hate are prominent in Graham Greenes The End of the Affair, Shakespeares A Midsummer Nights Dream and the poems of Robert Browning. The texts explore the need for control in a relationship, and how, if the balance of control is uneven then love can create hateful feelings such as jealousy. The effects of time on love and hate are portrayed in a number of different ways it sometimes causes fear and paranoia, love can be fickle and superficial over time, and sometimes love fades away, only to be replaced by loathing. All three authors use devices in order to create conflict and sabotage love; these are Bendrixs demonic sense of jealousy, a meddling friend and a mischievous fairy. Love is so closely linked to hate that it is capable of causing both joy and pain. Love and hate are complicated, fickle, difficult, blind, chaotic and ultimately quite inexplicable. As Lysander announces in line 134 of Act One, Scene One: The course of true love never did run smooth.